Self-rated health, time of residence and social determinants of health in immigrant populations: A complex relationship in groups of different origins in a Southern European region.

Health of immigrant population changes with time of residence and under the effect of social determinants of health. This study analyses the health status of the immigrant population in the Basque Country according to groups of origin assessing the effect of time of residence on health in the different origin groups considering social and migration-related determinants of health. A cross-sectional study of the immigrant population in the Basque Country using the Foreign Origin Population Survey was conducted. A descriptive analysis is performed of each group of origin and Poisson models are applied. The main variable is self-rated health, and the independent variables are divided into three groups: demographic, socioeconomic and migration-related. For the study, immigrants are divided into six origin groups. Results show that the health and the effects of socioeconomic and migratory variables on health vary according to origin. Immigrants with greater economic difficulties present poorer health, though to different extents and the effects on health of educational level and perception of discrimination differ according to origin. Finally, the relation between time of residence and self-rated health varies according to origin: Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, Eastern EU and sub-Saharan immigrants living in Spain for 10 or more years report poorer health even when controlling for socioeconomic and migration-related variables, while people from the Maghreb and Asia do not. Therefore, the effects on health of time of residence, living conditions and the migratory experience differ according to migrant group, leading to the importance of analysing the health of immigrants as a heterogeneous group.

[Developing a questionnaire about violence(s) suffered by professionals in the field of Physiotherapy.] / Elaboración de un cuestionario sobre violencia(s) sufrida(s) por profesionales del ámbito de la Fisioterapia.

OBJECTIVE: Violence in the health sector is a big problem and it has serious consequences. The prevalence of clinical violence suffered by Spanish physiotherapists is unknown. The objective of this paper was to create and validate a tool in order to detect cases of sexual, physical and psychological and/or verbal violence in the Spanish physiotherapists. METHODS: A questionnaire was elaborated according to the available bibliography. It was analyzed by a group of six physiotherapists in charge of the Union observation and management of violence or from Me-Too Fisio movement. Finally, a pilot test was carried out on a convenience sample of fourteen physiotherapists. RESULTS: The questionnaire obtained includes questions about the facts suffered by the professionals in this discipline, as well as the main data on the profile of the aggressor (sex, age, mental condition…), the contexts where violence is more prevalent (clinical field, size of the population where the center is located…), and the main characteristics of the professional who suffers it (sex, age, professional experience…). Moreover, information about formal and informal strategies used to deal with violence and perception of its impact, will be assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The annual use of this tool will allow the exposure of this group of professionals to be assessed specifically and, also, to assess the evolution over time of each violence separately for providing direction for successful policies and training.

OBJETIVO: La violencia en el sector sanitario es un problema importante y con graves consecuencias. Se desconoce la prevalencia de la violencia en el ámbito clínico sobre los fisioterapeutas en España. El objetivo de este trabajo fue crear y validar una herramienta para detectar casos de violencia sexual, física y psicológica y/o verbal ejercida por pacientes/acompañantes/familiares sobre la población de fisioterapeutas de España. METODOS: A partir de la bibliografía disponible, se elaboró un cuestionario que fue analizado por un grupo de seis fisioterapeutas del Consejo a cargo de la gestión y observación de la violencia sufrida por fisioterapeutas o profesionales destacadas en el movimiento Me Too Fisio. Finalmente, se realizó una prueba piloto en una muestra de conveniencia de catorce fisioterapeutas. RESULTADOS: El cuestionario obtenido incluye preguntas sobre los hechos sufridos por los/las profesionales de esta disciplina, así como los principales datos del perfil de persona agresora (sexo, edad, condición mental, etc.), el contexto en el que la violencia es más prevalente (campo laboral, tamaño del municipio, etc.) y las principales características del/de la profesional que sufre la violencia (sexo, edad, experiencia profesional, etc.). Además se recoge información sobre estrategias formales e informales utilizadas para enfrentar la violencia y la percepción de su impacto. CONCLUSIONES: Una utilización anual de esta herramienta ayudará a valorar la exposición de este grupo de profesionales de forma específica y, también, la evolución en el tiempo de cada violencia por separado, con la finalidad de establecer políticas y programas formativos exitosos.

Elaboración de un cuestionario sobre violencia(s) sufrida(s) por profesionales del ámbito de la Fisioterapia / Developing a questionnaire about violence(s) suffered by professionals in the field of Physiotherapy

FUNDAMENTOS: La violencia en el sector sanitario es un problema importante y con graves consecuencias. Se desconoce laprevalencia de la violencia en el ámbito clínico sobre los fisioterapeutas en España. El objetivo de este trabajo fue crear y validar unaherramienta para detectar casos de violencia sexual, física y psicológica y/o verbal ejercida por pacientes/acompañantes/familiaressobre la población de fisioterapeutas de España. MÉTODOS: A partir de la bibliografía disponible, se elaboró un cuestionario que fue analizado por un grupo de seis fisioterapeutasdel Consejo a cargo de la gestión y observación de la violencia sufrida por fisioterapeutas o profesionales destacadas en el movimien-toMe Too Fisio. Finalmente, se realizó una prueba piloto en una muestra de conveniencia de catorce fisioterapeutas. RESULTADOS: El cuestionario obtenido incluye preguntas sobre los hechos sufridos por los/las profesionales de esta disciplina,así como los principales datos del perfil de persona agresora (sexo, edad, condición mental, etc.), el contexto en el que la violencia esmás prevalente (campo laboral, tamaño del municipio, etc.) y las principales características del/de la profesional que sufre la violencia(sexo, edad, experiencia profesional, etc.). Además se recoge información sobre estrategias formales e informales utilizadas paraenfrentar la violencia y la percepción de su impacto. CONCLUSIONES: Una utilización anual de esta herramienta ayudará a valorar la exposición de este grupo de profesionales deforma específica y, también, la evolución en el tiempo de cada violencia por separado, con la finalidad de establecer políticas yprogramas formativos exitosos.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Violence in the health sector is a big problem and it has serious consequences. The prevalence of clinical violencesuffered by Spanish physiotherapists is unknown. The objective of this paper was to create and validate a tool in order to detect casesof sexual, physical and psychological and/or verbal violence in the Spanish physiotherapists. METHODS: A questionnaire was elaborated according to the available bibliography. It was analyzed by a group of six physiotherapistsin charge of the Union observation and management of violence or from Me-Too Fisio movement. Finally, a pilot test was carried out ona convenience sample of fourteen physiotherapists.RESULTS: The questionnaire obtained includes questions about the facts suffered by the professionals in this discipline, as wellas the main data on the profile of the aggressor (sex, age, mental condition…), the contexts where violence is more prevalent (clinicalfield, size of the population where the center is located…), and the main characteristics of the professional who suffers it (sex, age,professional experience…). Moreover, information about formal and informal strategies used to deal with violence and perception ofits impact, will be assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The annual use of this tool will allow the exposure of this group of professionals to be assessed specifically and,also, to assess the evolution over time of each violence separately for providing direction for successful policies and training.(AU)

Active Ageing: The Need to Address Sub-National Diversity. An Evidence-Based Approach for Italy.

While active ageing has emerged as a main strategy to address the challenges of population ageing in Europe, recent research has stressed the need to increase knowledge on within-country differences to promote active ageing through appropriate policy responses. This article draws on the Active Ageing Index (AAI) to capture recent trends in active ageing in Italy with a focus on sub-national diversity. To this end, we compute AAI breakdowns by region separately for men and women for four different years: 2007, 2009, 2012 and 2018. Then, we use linear regression to describe the geographical and sex-specific patterns of change in the AAI over the considered period. The results demonstrate the diversity of regional outcomes and trends in the active ageing of Italian men and women, indicating that the widening geographic gap deserves further consideration by national and regional authorities in designing and implementing active ageing policies. By showing the persistence of disparities in the value of the indicator to the disadvantage of women, results also suggest the need to further integrate both the gender dimension and the life-cycle perspective into active ageing strategies. This article provides an example of how the AAI can be used as a practical tool by policy makers to monitor active ageing trends and outcomes at the sub-national level, and to identify target areas that require further action.

[Covid-19 and child health: confinement and its impact according to child professionals.] / Covid-19 y salud infantil: el confinamiento y su impacto según profesionales de la infancia.

OBJECTIVE: The Covid-19 pandemic led to the establishment of the state of alarm in Spanish and the initial lockdown of the entire population. The aim of this study is to analyse the assessment of professionals working with children on the impact of quarantine on the health and health inequalities of the child population, as well as the importance given to the intermediate factors that can modulate the impact of the experience of lockdown on children's health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was made according to an online questionnaire to professionals in health and socio-educational fields working with children (n=214) with questions concerning the potential effects of lockdown and the dimensions that could modulate those effects. For the analysis, descriptive statistics were calculated together with Chi-square tests and comparison of means to analyse differences according to professional field. RESULTS: 86% of the experts pointed out the potential negative impact of quarantine on the health of children, especially that of the most vulnerable, highlighting the adverse effects of conflict at home and exposure to tobacco smoke in this experience, which were scored in importance with more than 9 and 8.5 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results show how, according to child professionals, lockdown can have an impact on the health of the child population that goes beyond the direct effect of Covid-19.

OBJETIVO: La pandemia por Covid-19 supuso el establecimiento del estado de alarma en el territorio español y el confinamiento inicial del conjunto de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la valoración de los/as profesionales que trabajaban con población infantil sobre el impacto de la cuarentena tanto en la salud como en las desigualdades en salud de niños y niñas, así como la importancia otorgada a los factores intermedios que podían modular el impacto de la experiencia del confinamiento en la salud de la infancia. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de un cuestionario online a profesionales del ámbito sanitario y socioeducativo que trabajaban con población infantil (n=214), con preguntas relativas a los potenciales efectos del confinamiento y las dimensiones que podían modular dichos efectos. Para el análisis se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos junto con las pruebas Chi-cuadrado y la comparación de medias para analizar las diferencias según ámbito profesional. RESULTADOS: El 86% de los/as expertos/as señaló el potencial impacto negativo de la cuarentena en la salud de los/as niños/as, especialmente en la de los/as más vulnerables, destacando los efectos adversos de la conflictividad en el hogar y la exposición al humo del tabaco en esta experiencia, que fueron puntuados en importancia con más de un 9 y un 8,5, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran cómo, según los/as profesionales de la infancia, el confinamiento puede tener un impacto en la salud de la población infantil que va más allá del efecto directo de la Covid-19.

Educational Inequalities in Life and Healthy Life Expectancies among the 50-Plus in Spain.

This study computes educational inequalities in life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HLE), and unhealthy life expectancy (ULE) by gender and education level in Spain in 2012. Death registrations and vital status by level of education were obtained from Spain's National Institute of Statistics. Health prevalences were estimated from the National Health Survey for Spain. We used Sullivan's method to compute HLE, ULE, and the proportion of time lived with health problems. Our results reveal that Spanish women live longer than men in all education groups, but a higher proportion of women report poor health. We detect substantial differences in unhealthy life by gender and education, with higher effect for women and for those with low levels of education. Poor self-perceived health shows the largest educational gradient; chronic diseases present the lowest. This is the first work that provides evidence on health inequalities by education level in Spain. Our findings seem to be in line with reports of the smaller social inequalities experienced in Southern Europe and highlight the importance of education level on extending the proportion of years spent in good health in a Mediterranean country.

Covid-19 y salud infantil: el confinamiento y su impacto según profesionales de la infancia / Covid-19 and child health: confinement and its impact according to child professionals

OBJETIVO: La pandemia por Covid-19 supuso el establecimiento del estado de alarma en el territorio español y el confinamiento inicial del conjunto de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la valoración de los/as profesionales que trabajaban con población infantil sobre el impacto de la cuarentena tanto en la salud como en las desigualdades en salud de niños y niñas, así como la importancia otorgada a los factores intermedios que podían modular el impacto de la experiencia del confinamiento en la salud de la infancia. Metodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de un cuestionario online a profesionales del ámbito sanitario y socioeducativo que trabajaban con población infantil (n=214), con preguntas relativas a los potenciales efectos del confinamiento y las dimensiones que podían modular dichos efectos. Para el análisis se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos junto con las pruebas Chi-cuadrado y la comparación de medias para analizar las diferencias según ámbito profesional. RESULTADOS: El 86% de los/as expertos/as señaló el potencial impacto negativo de la cuarentena en la salud de los/as niños/as, especialmente en la de los/as más vulnerables, destacando los efectos adversos de la conflictividad en el hogar y la exposición al humo del tabaco en esta experiencia, que fueron puntuados en importancia con más de un 9 y un 8,5, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran cómo, según los/as profesionales de la infancia, el confinamiento puede tener un impacto en la salud de la población infantil que va más allá del efecto directo de la Covid-19

OBJECTIVE: The Covid-19 pandemic led to the establishment of the state of alarm in Spanish and the initial lockdown of the entire population. The aim of this study is to analyse the assessment of professionals working with children on the impact of quarantine on the health and health inequalities of the child population, as well as the importance given to the intermediate factors that can modulate the impact of the experience of lockdown on children's health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was made according to an online questionnaire to professionals in health and socio-educational fields working with children (n=214) with questions concerning the potential effects of lockdown and the dimensions that could modulate those effects. For the analysis, descriptive statistics were calculated together with Chi-square tests and comparison of means to analyse differences according to professional field. RESULTS: 86% of the experts pointed out the potential negative impact of quarantine on the health of children, especially that of the most vulnerable, highlighting the adverse effects of conflict at home and exposure to tobacco smoke in this experience, which were scored in importance with more than 9 and 8.5 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results show how, according to child professionals, lockdown can have an impact on the health of the child population that goes beyond the direct effect of Covid-19

Desigualdades sociales en salud en población mayor: una aportación desde la salud pública al debate sobre el retraso de la edad de jubilación en España / Social inequalities in health in the older population: an insight into the debate on delayed retirement age in Spain from a public health perspective

Objetivo: Analizar las desigualdades en la esperanza de vida según el nivel educativo en la población española de 65 y más años. Método: Estudio transversal para la población española de 65 y más años. Se calculó la esperanza de vida total y con buena salud mediante la combinación de datos de mortalidad, salud y población. Resultados: Entre las personas de 65 y más años, tener menor nivel de estudios supuso vivir menos años totales y con buena salud, y un mayor número de años con mala salud. Las mujeres esperaron vivir más años, pero una mayor proporción de ellos con mala salud. Discusión: La perspectiva de las desigualdades en salud debe considerarse en el debate sobre el retraso en la edad de jubilación

Objective: To analyse the inequalities in life expectancy in the Spanish population over the age of 65 according to educational level. Method: Cross sectional study on the Spanish population aged 65 years and over. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were calculated combining mortality, health and population data. Results: People aged 65 and over with a lower educational level had shorter lives, with fewer years of good health and more years of poor health. Women lived longer, but with proportionally more years of poor health. Discussion: Social inequalities in health must be considered in the current debate on delaying the age of retirement

[Social inequalities in health in the older population: an insight into the debate on delayed retirement age in Spain from a public health perspective]. / Desigualdades sociales en salud en población mayor: una aportación desde la salud pública al debate sobre el retraso de la edad de jubilación en España.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the inequalities in life expectancy in the Spanish population over the age of 65 according to educational level. METHOD: Cross sectional study on the Spanish population aged 65 years and over. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were calculated combining mortality, health and population data. RESULTS: People aged 65 and over with a lower educational level had shorter lives, with fewer years of good health and more years of poor health. Women lived longer, but with proportionally more years of poor health. DISCUSSION: Social inequalities in health must be considered in the current debate on delaying the age of retirement.